Review Questions:

1. According to Arthur how are Morality and Religion different?

Morality evaluates the behavior of others and feel guilt when we do certain actions, perhaps commiting a crime. So basically morality deals with the goodness and badness of a human being. On the other hand, religion is something that human beings believe in that there are super powers or god like powers that exist and they praise or worship the God.

2. Why isn’t religion necessary for moral motivation?

Doing the right thing has nothing to do with religion. Deep in our hearts, regardless of what religion we have, we know what is right when we do it. Humans do not need religion to act morally. It comes with our instinct. So religion has nohing to do with moral motivation.

3. Why isn’t religion necessary as a source of moral knowledge?

It is really hard for one to know what is right and what i wrong. We need to be guided accordingly to know this. And so we usually turn to religion for guidance. As a matter of fact, this has gone into argument because it is kind of complicated to know how a human would know whether its right or wrong. Asides from our basic instincts, we usually turn to religion for guidance.

4. What is divine command theory? Why does Arthur reject this theory?

The divine command theory of ethics holds that an act is either moral or immoral soley because God either commands us to do it or prohibits us from doing it, respectively.

Arthur rejects this theory because as we all know it, God commands everything. What is right is what God commands. If God doesn't command it, then it is wrong. So, this is why Arthur rejects this theory.

5. According to Arthur, how are morality and religion connected?

They are independent from each other. It is clear that if you look at the history, the practices of morality and religion exerted an influence at each other. Although at times, the connection of morality and relogion is difficult and confusing, it is for a fact that they are related and connected in some ways.

6. Dewey says that morality is social, what does this mean according to Arthur?

Asides from morality influencing over religion, Arthur believes that morality's social character is deeper. Arthur has explained 4 reasons:

-The existence of morality assumes that we posses a socially required language whithin which we think about our choices and alternatives we ought to follow.

-Morality is social in that it governs relationhips among people, defining our responsibilities to others and us to theirs.

-Morality is social in a sense that we are, in fact, subject to criticism by others of our actions.

-Idea depends on that appreciating the fact that to think from the moral point of view.

Discussion Questions:

1. Has Arthur refuted the divine command theory?

Yes.

2. If morality is social, then how can we have any obligations to nonhuman animals?

We have the obligation to them as they are our sources of food, nutrients, and other things.

3. What does Dewey mean by moral education? Does a college ethics class count as a moral education?

Yes I think an ethics class counts as a moral education.